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DISEASE AWARENESS PAGE FOR R3 STEM CELL – PHANTOM LIMB PAIN
A phantom limb is the feeling that an amputated limb is still present or attached to the body. Phantom limb pain is pain felt on a phantom limb long after the limb has been amputated or removed. This kind of pain is very unique because of the way it presents itself.
With other kinds of pain, the individual can reach out for, and feel the source of the pain. However, with a phantom limb, the individual feels the pain, even though the limb is missing. Furthermore, knowing that the limb is missing does not stop the pain.
Phantom pain doesn’t only occur on an amputated limb and can be experienced in other parts of the body as well. For example, individuals that have had breast and teeth removed still feel sensations in these absent body parts.
WHAT IS IT?
Pelvic pain is a blanket term that describes pain felt in the general pelvic region. This extends from the lower abdomen and covers the genitals. Pain occurring in the lower part of the body is very broad and can vary in terminology due to where it is most felt. For example, if the pain is felt in the posterior lower part of the body, it is considered as low back pain. Pain felt in front of the body below the chest is known as anterior abdominal pain. Sometimes, individuals who have pain in these areas have trouble distinguishing the areas from each other.
Appendicitis reflects as pain in the pelvic area, although some children and adults describe it as a stomach ache. Other conditions also have this effect, like menstrual cramps and colitis.
Research is still being conducted on the exact cause and mechanism of phantom limb pain and sensations, and several theories have been proposed. In the past, the dominant hypothesis explaining the pain was that the nerve endings in the amputated area were irritated. What happens when a limb is amputated is that the nerves and blood vessels terminate prematurely at the point of the amputation, instead of running to the end of the limb. Over time, the endings can get inflamed. This led to the belief that the inflamed endings sent signals to the brain, which were them interpreted as pain.
However, this hypothesis was debunked. A more recent one is based on how the body reorganises the somatosensory cortex. The somatosensory cortex is the part of the brain responsible for organising and processing all the sensory information in the body. Since this condition is pain related, the sensory nerves are involved in its propagation. This explanation of phantom limb pain proposes that since the sensory nerves are no longer delivering information to the somatosensory cortex, the body reorganises the information it receives.
This hypothesis is one of the more plausible explanations, and it accounts for why stroking some parts of the body might be sensed on the missing limb. If a person with amputation were stroked on the face, they could feel sensations on the missing limb. This provides support to the reorganisation of the somatosensory cortex explanation.
While a lot of research is still being done on how phantom limb sensations comes about, there has not been any widely accepted cause. The most prevalent explanations are related to the peripheral mechanism and central neural mechanisms.
Research is still being conducted on the exact cause and mechanism of phantom limb pain and sensations, and several theories have been proposed. In the past, the dominant hypothesis explaining the pain was that the nerve endings in the amputated area were irritated. What happens when a limb is amputated is that the nerves and blood vessels terminate prematurely at the point of the amputation, instead of running to the end of the limb. Over time, the endings can get inflamed. This led to the belief that the inflamed endings sent signals to the brain, which were them interpreted as pain.
However, this hypothesis was debunked. A more recent one is based on how the body reorganises the somatosensory cortex. The somatosensory cortex is the part of the brain responsible for organising and processing all the sensory information in the body. Since this condition is pain related, the sensory nerves are involved in its propagation. This explanation of phantom limb pain proposes that since the sensory nerves are no longer delivering information to the somatosensory cortex, the body reorganises the information it receives.
This hypothesis is one of the more plausible explanations, and it accounts for why stroking some parts of the body might be sensed on the missing limb. If a person with amputation were stroked on the face, they could feel sensations on the missing limb. This provides support to the reorganisation of the somatosensory cortex explanation.
While a lot of research is still being done on how phantom limb sensations comes about, there has not been any widely accepted cause. The most prevalent explanations are related to the peripheral mechanism and central neural mechanisms.
People who have had amputations often experience phantom limb sensations, and what happens is that they feel that the limb is there, even though it isn’t. Phantom limb pain is just one of the sensations experienced in the phantom limb. Besides the physical feelings, there are also emotional and psychological elements.
Depression and anxiety have been identified in individuals who suffer phantom limb pain. These accompanying conditions are not just as a result of the pain, but also the conditions that led to the amputation. A study found that 25% of all individuals who had amputations and accompanying phantom limb sensations suffered depression and anxiety in the early stages after the amputation. As time passes, the symptoms of depression reduced, as individuals became more accustomed to the amputated limb.
As mentioned earlier, phantom limb sensation is not isolated to the limbs, but other parts of the body as well. Any part of the body that’s been amputated can give the individuals phantom sensations. People who have undergone gender reassignment surgery often report feeling phantom sensations in the genitals. These sensations are more common in transsexual men than in transsexual women.
Individuals who had undergone mastectomies also reported experiencing phantom breasts
They kind of phantom limb pain differs from individual to individual. Consider that even though everyone feels the same kinds of sensation, the intensity and kind of sensation, we feel are different. Additionally, amputations and missing limbs aren’t all done the same way, and the nerves are bound to be severed at different levels of their course in the body. These contribute to the difference in the kind of phantom limb pain that people experience.
However, pain is common among people who have had amputations and the majority of them experience pain like
Phantom limb pain and other phantom limb sensations are experienced by everyone who has ever had an amputation. However, the intensity and severity of the feelings differ from individual to individual. Also, as stated earlier, different feelings might be felt, ranging from pressure to heat and cold, and itchiness.
60%-80% of amputees complain of phantom limb pain, among other sensations. Phantom limb sensations are just as common in men as they are in women.
The risk factors for getting phantom limb sensations is a missing limb. The most common cause of this is amputation, but other causes include trauma and fatal accidents. The amputation may be done due to several reasons, including
There is no medical test to diagnose phantom limb pain; the diagnosis can be made based on the description of symptoms and medical history alone. Feeling pain at the point where an amputated limb once confirmed a diagnosis of phantom limb pain, and appropriate treatment can follow.
Pain relievers: These can help relieve the pain associated with the phantom limb sensations, especially if they are severe.
Antidepressants: As mentioned earlier, some of the people who experience phantom limb pain also undergo depression, especially during the first few periods after the amputation. Antidepressants may be useful for combating this condition.
Mirror box: The mirror box is a device that’s used to treat phantom limb sensations. It is a hollow box with mirrors on its sides. The way it works is that the individual places the amputated limb the mirror’s compartment and moves the intact limb while watching its reflection in the mirror. This will promote the feeling that the limb is still there. As the individual performs actions, it feels like the amputated limb Is performing the actions. There is inconclusive evidence on the effectiveness of mirror therapy on phantom limb sensations.
Acupuncture: Acupuncture has been found to ease the chronic pain associated with phantom limbs. In acupuncture, stainless steel needles are inserted into specific nerve points on the body of the individual. This procedure is safe when performed by qualified individuals.
OTHER FORMS OF TREATMENT
Phantom limb sensations are usually worse when the individual experiences stress, anxiety, and drastic weather changes. Therefore, it is advised that individuals who have undergone amputations stay stress-free and avoid situations that can cause anxiety.
Acupuncture: Acupuncture has been found to ease the chronic pain associated with phantom limbs. In acupuncture, stainless steel needles are inserted into specific nerve points on the body of the individual. This procedure is safe when performed by qualified individuals.
Here are answers to many of the frequently asked questions we receive.
Arthritis can be classified into several types. Osteoarthritis is caused by the normal aging process of the body, or could be a result of injury.
Rheumatoid arthritis, the most common type of arthritis, happens due to autoimmune problems, wherein the body’s own immune system attacks healthy cells of the body. Infectious arthritis is caused by an infection to the joint. Patients with psoriasis may be affected by Psoriatic arthritis. Finally, excessive uric acid in the body can cause Gout, an arthritis that often starts at the toe.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory form of arthritis. This disease causes chronic inflammation of the joints and can lead to deterioration of a variety of systems in the body. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system attacks the lining of the membrane around the joints known as the synovium, which causes inflammation that thickens the synovium and ultimately deforms the cartilage and bone of the joints.
How common is it and who is at risk?
An estimated one percent of the entire world population suffers from rheumatoid arthritis. As the case with osteoarthritis, women are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis. Other groups at risk are people middle-aged or older as well as those suffering from obesity. Rheumatoid arthritis risk is inheritable, which may be accelerated by smoking or unknown environmental exposures.
Signs of the disease include swollen, tender joints that may feel stiff, particularly in the mornings. Fever, fatigue, and loss of activity are also common symptoms. Rheumatoid arthritis tends to manifest initially in the smaller joints like those in the fingers and toes. Symptoms are exhibited in joints of other body parts as the disease spreads.
Diagnosis begins with a physical test checking for redness, warmth, and swelling as well as the state of reflexes in the affected joints. Multiple blood tests are conducted as people with rheumatoid arthritis usually have elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates and C-reactive protein levels. Additionally, X-rays, MRIs, and ultrasounds are conducted to track the spread of the disease.
While no cure exists as of now, research has revealed that the symptoms may be controlled by early application of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Steroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed depending on the case. Exercises to retain joint flexibility also provide some relief. If medications fail to slow down the disease, doctors may recommend surgery to repair or replace joints or swollen tendons.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory form of arthritis. This disease causes chronic inflammation of the joints and can lead to deterioration of a variety of systems in the body. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when the immune system attacks the lining of the membrane around the joints known as the synovium, which causes inflammation that thickens the synovium and ultimately deforms the cartilage and bone of the joints.
How common is it and who is at risk?
An estimated one percent of the entire world population suffers from rheumatoid arthritis. As the case with osteoarthritis, women are more likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis. Other groups at risk are people middle-aged or older as well as those suffering from obesity. Rheumatoid arthritis risk is inheritable, which may be accelerated by smoking or unknown environmental exposures.
Signs of the disease include swollen, tender joints that may feel stiff, particularly in the mornings. Fever, fatigue, and loss of activity are also common symptoms. Rheumatoid arthritis tends to manifest initially in the smaller joints like those in the fingers and toes. Symptoms are exhibited in joints of other body parts as the disease spreads.
Diagnosis begins with a physical test checking for redness, warmth, and swelling as well as the state of reflexes in the affected joints. Multiple blood tests are conducted as people with rheumatoid arthritis usually have elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates and C-reactive protein levels. Additionally, X-rays, MRIs, and ultrasounds are conducted to track the spread of the disease.
While no cure exists as of now, research has revealed that the symptoms may be controlled by early application of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Steroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed depending on the case. Exercises to retain joint flexibility also provide some relief. If medications fail to slow down the disease, doctors may recommend surgery to repair or replace joints or swollen tendons.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis within kids. It is characterized by persistent pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. The disease occurs when the body’s own tissues are attacked by its cells. In some cases, it can create more serious complications such as growth problems and eye inflammation.
It is the most common form of arthritis diagnosed in children under the age of sixteen. Certain gene mutations can make the body more vulnerable to the external environment, which can result in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis occurring. Although reasons are unknown, girls are more susceptible to Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis than boys.
Commonplace symptoms include joint pain or a limp caused by the pain, swelling of joints and stiffness of the joints that results in clumsiness by the child. In some cases, the disease can manifest as high fever and rashes.
Diagnosis for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is difficult as the pain and swelling in the joints could be attributed to a number of diseases. Quite a few blood tests are conducted to determine the status of markers like erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein levels, and quantity of anti-nuclear bodies, among others. However, many children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis show no abnormalities in these tests.
The treatment for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis is geared towards making sure the child can maintain a regular level of physical activity. This can include different types of medication like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain and swelling or disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in more severe cases. Biologic agents may be recommended to help prevent joint damage. Physical therapy can also help the child maintain a full range of motion with or without joint supports or splints based on the situation. Surgery is the most extreme option used to improve the position of the affected joint.
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